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Mary Dinsmore Salter Ainsworth (; December 1, 1913 – March 21, 1999)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter )〕 was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in early emotional attachment with the Strange Situation design, as well as her work in the development of attachment theory. Ainsworth died at the age of eighty-five from a stroke.〔BRETHERTON, I. (2004). AINSWORTH, Mary Dinsmore Salter, December 1, 1913-March 21, 1999. In Notable American women: Completing the twentieth century.〕 A ''Review of General Psychology'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Ainsworth as the 97th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. ==Life== Mary D. Salter Ainsworth was born in Glendale, Ohio in 1913. She was the oldest of three daughters to Charles and Mary Salter. Her parents both graduated from Dickinson College. Ainsworth's father possessed a master's degree in history. Both of her parents highly valued education and expected their children to have excellent academic achievements. In 1918, when Ainsworth was five years old, her father was transferred to a manufacturing firm in Toronto, Canada, where she spent the majority of her childhood. Ainsworth was a clever child who thirsted for knowledge. She began reading by the age of three, and the family would visit the library once a week. It was her mother who would select appropriate books for her level, which got her started with her reading.〔 She became quite close with her father, who assumed the duties of tucking her in at night and singing to her. On the other hand, she did not have a warm relationship with her mother. While her parents always put a strong emphasis on education, it was William McDougall's book ''Character and the Conduct of Life'', which she borrowed from the library at age 15,〔 that inspired her interest in psychology. Ainsworth began classes at the University of Toronto at the age of 16 and decided to focus on psychology. She was one of only five students to be admitted into the honors course in psychology. Ainsworth completed coursework for her bachelor's degree in 1935, and decided to continue her education at the University of Toronto with the intention of earning her doctorate in psychology. She earned her master's degree in 1936 and her PhD was granted in 1939.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mary D. Salter Ainsworth )〕 After graduation, Ainsworth stayed at the University of Toronto to teach for a few years before joining the Canadian Women's Army Corps in 1942 in World War II.〔 While with the army, Ainsworth began as an Army Examiner who interviewed and selected personnel in Kitchener, Ontario. Her duties included administering clinical evaluations and personnel assessment tests. Soon she was promoted as an Advisor to the Director of Personnel Selection of the Canadian Women's Army Corps in Ottawa Headquarters. Within a year of serving at the Headquarters, she reached the rank of Major in 1945.〔〔 After victory of the war, Victory in Europe Day Ainsworth returned to Toronto to continue teaching personality psychology and conducted research. She married Leonard Ainsworth, a graduate student in the Psychology department of University of Toronto in 1950〔 and moved to London with him to allow him to finish his Ph.D at University College London. Although they divorced in 1960,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mary Ainsworth )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mary Ainsworth Biography )〕 the 10 years of accompanying Leonard to different places for his career, gave Mary the opportunity to meet and work with many influential psychologists including John Bowlby,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mary Ainsworth )〕 as well as the occasion when they moved to Kampala, Uganda where her first "mother-infant" observation was done.〔 After many other academic positions, including a long tenure at Johns Hopkins University, she eventually settled at the University of Virginia in 1975, where she remained the rest of her academic career until 1984. From then she became a professor emeritus and stay active until the year of 1992.〔 Ainsworth received many honors, including the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development in 1985 and the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association in 1989. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mary Ainsworth」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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